An analysis of the role of users in the total r&d portfolios of scientific instrument firms     

Francis C. Spital 《Research Policy》1979,8(3):284-296

This paper describes a real-time investigation of the total new product portfolios of nine product departments in the scientific instrument industry. It was found that within these portfolios only a few new products represented a major advance in functional performance. Most new products offered only incremental performance improvement, and many ‘new’ products were direct copies of competitors ' offerings.The scientific instrument innovation process is described in seven stages: recognition of need, invention of solution, prototype development, use in application, precommercial information dissemination, product engineering, and commercialization. In those cases where users were involved in the majority of the first five stages of the innovation process, the innovation was either a major functional improvement or a minor improvement that had not been initiated as a direct response to a competitor's product introduction. Direct copies and minor improvements that were competitive responses are notable for the absence of user involvement in the innovation process.Finally, the decision of a manufacturer to commercialize an innovation was unrelated to the level of user activity in the prior stages of the innovation process.  相似文献   

School principals in America: a review of three biographical studies     

Kate Rousmaniere 《Journal of educational administration and history》2008,40(1):75-80

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Developing a Socialist‐Feminist Vision on Education: conference report of the Women for Socialism,Women and Education Dayschool,held on 7 October 1989     

Kate Reynolds 《Gender and education》1991,3(1):81-85

Education has been the subject of much debate during the late 1980s. The Education Reform Act 1988 marks a major shift to the right in central government approaches to state education. However, despite these changes there has been little attempt to develop an alternative vision of education not founded in the ideology of ‘the market’. In 1989, Women for Socialism held a conference which brought together socialist‐feminists to begin the process of building a vision of an education system which would challenge the oppressions of class, gender and race.  相似文献   

Growth in Precursor and Reading‐Related Skills: Do Low‐Achieving and IQ‐Discrepant Readers Develop Differently?     

Kimberly J. O&#x;Malley  David J. Francis  Barbara R. Foorman  Jack M. Fletcher  Paul R. Swank 《Learning disabilities research & practice》2002,17(1):19-34

Poor readers who met low achievement and IQ‐discrepancy definitions of reading disability were compared with nonimpaired readers on their development of eight precursor and reading‐related skills to evaluate developmental differences prior to students’ identification as reading disabled. Results indicated no evidence for differences between the two groups of poor readers in the development of the eight skills, with three exceptions. Students in the IQ‐discrepant group demonstrated greater growth in letter sound knowledge, greater mean performance in visual‐motor integration at the beginning of first grade, and greater deceleration in rapid naming of letters. When compared to the nonimpaired group, low‐achieving readers demonstrated poorer performance and development in all skills, while the IQ‐discrepant readers demonstrated poorer performance and development in phonemic awareness, rapid naming of letters and objects, spelling, and word reading. The largely null results for comparisons between the two groups of poor readers challenges the validity of the two‐group classification of reading disabilities based on IQ‐discrepancy.  相似文献   

Searching for the public: school funding and shifting meanings of ‘the public’ in Australian education     

Jessica Gerrard  Glenn C. Savage  Kate O’Connor 《教育政策杂志》2017,32(4):503-519

School funding is a principal site of policy reform and contestation in the context of broad global shifts towards private- and market-based funding models. These shifts are transforming not only how schools are funded but also the meanings and practices of public education: that is, shifts in what is ‘public’ about schooling. In this paper, we examine the ways in which different articulations of ‘the public’ are brought to bear in contemporary debates surrounding school funding. Taking the Australian Review of Funding for Schooling (the Gonski Report) as our case, we analyse the policy report and its subsequent media coverage to consider what meanings are made concerning the ‘publicness’ of schooling. Our analysis reveals three broad themes of debate in the report and related media coverage: (1) the primacy of ‘procedural politics’ (i.e. the political imperatives and processes associated with public policy negotiations in the Australian federation); (2) changing relations between what is considered public and private; and (3) a connection of government schooling to concerns surrounding equity and a ‘public in need’. We suggest these three themes contour the debates and understandings that surround the ‘publicness’ of education generally, and school funding more specifically.  相似文献   

Examining the moderating effect of individual-level cultural values on users’ acceptance of E-learning in developing countries: a structural equation modeling of an extended technology acceptance model     

Ali Tarhini  Kate Hone  Xiaohui Liu  Takwa Tarhini 《Interactive Learning Environments》2017,25(3):306-328

In this study, we examine the effects of individual-level culture on the adoption and acceptance of e-learning tools by students in Lebanon using a theoretical framework based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). To overcome possible limitations of using TAM in developing countries, we extend TAM to include subjective norms (SN) and quality of work life constructs as additional constructs and a number of cultural variables as moderators. The four cultural dimensions of masculinity/femininity (MF), individualism/collectivism, power distance and uncertainty avoidance were measured at the individual level to enable them to be integrated into the extended TAM as moderators and a research model was developed based on previous literature. To test the hypothesised model, data were collected from 569 undergraduate and postgraduate students using e-learning tools in Lebanon via questionnaire. The collected data were analysed using the structural equation modelling technique in conjunction with multi-group analysis. As hypothesised, the results of the study revealed perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), SN and quality of work life to be significant determinants of students’ behavioural intention (BI) towards e-learning. The empirical results also demonstrated that the relationship between SN and BI was particularly sensitive to differences in individual-cultural values, with significant moderating effects observed for all four of the cultural dimensions studied. Some moderating effects of culture were also found for both PU and PEOU, however, contrary to expectations the effect of quality of work life was not found to be moderated by MF as some previous authors have predicted. The implications of these results to both theory and practice are explored in the paper.  相似文献   

Erratum to “Youth self-report of physical and sexual abuse: A latent class analysis” [Child Abuse & Neglect 34 (2010) 146-154]     

Kate B. NoonerAlan J. Litrownik  Richard ThompsonBenyamin Margolis  Diana J. EnglishElizabeth D. Knight  Mark D. EversonScott Roesch 《Child abuse & neglect》2011,35(2):155

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How publishers and editors can help early career researchers: Recommendations from a roundtable discussion     

Anna O'Brien  Chris Graf  Kate McKellar 《Learned Publishing》2019,32(4):383-393

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Oprah: The Gospel of an Icon Kathryn Lofton. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.     

Kate Netzler 《Journal of American culture (Malden, Mass. : 2003)》2011,34(3):312-313

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Comparing Simulation Sequencing in a Chemistry Online-Supported Project-Based Learning Unit     

Li  Mingyang  Donnelly-Hermosillo  Dermot Francis  Click  Jennifer 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2022,31(1):27-51

Journal of Science Education and Technology - Numerous studies illustrate the value of simulations or project-based learning approaches to enhance the learning of science. Simulations can help...  相似文献